| Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Nerve | Action |
|---|
| Back muscles - Spinohumeral muscles - 1st layer |
|---|
| trapezius | protuberentia occipitalis externa linea nuchae superior (until linea nuchae suprema), processus spinosus C1 - Th12 | clavicle (outer end), acromion, the spina scapulae | n. accessorius + (C3 - C4) | Head and neck: dorsal flexion of the cervical spine and head, lateroflexion (unilateral), auxiliary rotation (the same side). Shoulder: retraction (caudal, cranial bundles), elevation (cranial bundles), depression (caudal bundles), auxiliary protraction with rotation of the lower angle outer (caudal, cranial bundles) |
| latissimus dorsi | a) fascia thoracolumbalis - crista iliaca (dorsal part) , os sacrum (dorsal part), processus spinosus (L1-L5) b) 10th - 12th ribs c) processus spinosus Th12 - Th7, surface fascia of m. teres major | crista tuberculi minoris humeri | n. thoracodorsalis | Torso: auxiliary rotation (opposite side). Shoulder joint: dorsal flexion, adduction, internal rotation. Breathing: inspiration. |
| Back muscles - Spinohumeral muscles - 2nd layer |
|---|
| rhomboideus major | processus spinosus Th1-Th4 | margo medialis scapulae | n. dorsalis scapulae | Scapula: Retraction (adduction of the spine), auxiliary elevation |
| rhomboideus minor | processus spinosus C6-C7 | margo medialis scapulae | n. dorsalis scapulae | Scapula: Retraction (adduction of the spine), auxiliary elevation |
| levator scapulae | tubercula dorsalia processus transversi C1-C4 | angulus inferior scapulae, margo medialis scapulae, spina scapulae (top) | n. dorsalis scapulae | Neck: auxiliary lateroflexion (at a fixed the scapula). Scapula: elevation. |
| Back muscles - spinocostal muscles - 3rd layer |
|---|
| serratus posterior superior | processus spinosus C7-Th2 | 2nd - 5th rib | nn. intercostales I.-IV. | Breathing: inspiration (auxiliary) |
| serratus posterior inferior | processus spinosus Th11-L2 | 8th - 12 rib | nn. intercostales VIII.-XII. | Breathing: expiration (auxiliary) |
| Back muscles - the deep back muscles - the system spinotransversa |
|---|
| splenius | processus spinosus more caudal vertebrae (reaching to os occipitale) | processus transversus more cranial vertebrae | rr. dorsales nervi spinales | Head and neck: head and dorsal flexion of the cervical spine, lateroflexion (unilaterally), rotation (of the same side). Torso: dorsal flexion (both sides), lateroflexion (on the inclination), auxiliary rotation (the same side). |
| longissimus | processus spinosus more caudal vertebrae (from the sacrum to the processus mastoideus) | processus transversus more cranial vertebrae | rr. dorsales nervi spinales | Head and neck: head and dorsal flexion of the cervical spine, lateroflexion (unilaterally), rotation (of the same side). Torso: dorsal flexion (both sides), lateroflexion (on the inclination), auxiliary rotation (the same side). |
| ilicostalis | processus spinosus more caudal vertebrae ((from os sacrum and ilium to the ribs) | processus transversus more cranial vertebrae | rr. dorsales nervi spinales | Head and neck: head and dorsal flexion of the cervical spine, lateroflexion (unilaterally), rotation (of the same side). Torso: dorsal flexion (both sides), lateroflexion (on the inclination), auxiliary rotation (the same side). |
| Back muscles - the deep back muscles - the system spinospinal |
|---|
| spinospinal | processus spinosus | processus spinosus (skipping one to two processus spinosus) | rr. dorsales nervi spinales | Head and neck: head and dorsal flexion of the cervical spine. Torso: dorsal flexion, straight spine. |
| Back muscles - the deep back muscles - the system transversospinal |
|---|
| semispinalis | processus transversus more caudal vertebrae | processus spinossus processus more cranial vertebrae | rr. dorsales nervi spinales | Head and neck: head and dorsal flexion of the cervical spine, lateroflexion (unilaterally), rotation (of the other side). Torso: dorsal flexion (both sides), lateroflexion (on the inclination), auxiliary rotation (of the other side). |
| multifidi | processus transversus more caudal vertebrae | processus spinossus more cranial vertebrae (a larger number of pins) | rr. dorsales nervi spinales | Head and neck: head and dorsal flexion of the cervical spine, lateroflexion (unilaterally), rotation (of the other side). Torso: dorsal flexion (both sides), lateroflexion (on the inclination), auxiliary rotation (of the other side). |
| Back muscles - the deep back muscles - the short segmental muscles |
|---|
| interspinales | processus spinosus | processus spinosus | rr. dorsales nervi spinales | Head and neck: auxiliary dorsal flexion of the head and cervical spine. Torso: auxiliary dorsal flexion |
| intertransversarii | processus transversus | processus transversus | rr. dorsales nervi spinales | Head and neck auxiliary lateroflexion (unilaterally). Torso: lateroflexion auxiliary (on the inclination) |
| levatores costarum | processus transversus | ribs | rr. dorsales nervi spinales | Ribs: auxiliary elevator. Breathing: inspiration (auxiliary) |
| Back muscles - the deep back muscles - the deep neck muscles. |
|---|
| rectus capitis posterior major | processus spinosus axis | linea nuchae inferior (center) | rr. dorsales nervi spinales | Head and neck: auxiliary dorsal flexion, lateroflexion and rotation of the head and the atlas |
| rectus capitis posterior minor | tuberculu posterius atlantis | linea nuchae inferior (inner 1/3) | rr. dorsales nervi spinales | Head and neck: auxiliary dorsal flexion, lateroflexion and rotation of the head and the atlas |
| obliquus capitis superior | processus transversus atlantis | over linea nuchae inferior | rr. dorsales nervi spinales | Head and neck: auxiliary dorsal flexion, lateroflexion and rotation of the head and the atlas |
| obliquus capitis inferior | processus spinosus axis | processus transversus atlantis | rr. dorsales nervi spinales | Head and neck: auxiliary dorsal flexion, lateroflexion and rotation of the head and the atlas |
